Orchids are one of the most captivating flowers in the world. With their unique shapes, vibrant colors, and delicate structures, they have enchanted gardeners for centuries. The world of orchids is vast, comprising over 25,000 species and numerous hybrids. Among these, many are suitable for the American gardener. Whether you’re a seasoned orchid enthusiast or just starting, “Smith & Hawken: 100 Orchids for the American Gardener” is an essential guide that takes you through the journey of growing these exotic beauties in your backyard or greenhouse.
Understanding Orchids: A Brief Introduction
Orchids belong to the family Orchidaceae, one of the largest families of flowering plants. What sets orchids apart from other plants is their extraordinary adaptability, allowing them to thrive in diverse environments, from tropical rainforests to arid deserts. Their flowers are often intricate and uniquely shaped, with vibrant patterns and a wide range of colors. This diversity is what makes orchids so appealing to gardeners.
Smith & Hawken’s “100 Orchids for the American Gardener” is designed to simplify this overwhelming variety by focusing on species and hybrids that are both attractive and suitable for American climates. Whether you’re growing orchids outdoors in Southern California or in a greenhouse in New York, there’s an orchid for you.
The Appeal of Orchids
For many, orchids represent luxury and sophistication. Their exotic beauty makes them a focal point in any garden or indoor space. Historically, orchids were rare and difficult to cultivate, reserved for the wealthiest plant collectors. However, with advances in horticulture, orchids have become more accessible, with numerous species now available at nurseries and garden centers.
But why choose orchids over more common garden plants?
- Unique Beauty: Orchids are unparalleled in their diversity of form and color.
- Long-Lasting Blooms: Many orchids bloom for weeks or even months, providing prolonged enjoyment.
- Adaptability: Orchids can be grown in a variety of conditions, both indoors and out.
- Variety: There are orchids suited to every skill level, from easy-to-grow species for beginners to rare and challenging varieties for the expert gardener.
The History of Orchids in America
Orchids have a rich history in America, with enthusiasts and botanists seeking out rare species from the tropical regions of Central and South America. In the 19th century, European explorers brought back orchid specimens to be cultivated in botanical gardens. These early collections sparked a passion for orchids that continues today.
In the United States, orchid societies began to form in the early 20th century, with collectors and gardeners sharing their knowledge and plants. Today, the American Orchid Society (AOS) is a leading authority on orchid cultivation, providing resources and information to hobbyists and professionals alike.
The Role of Smith & Hawken
Smith & Hawken, a premier garden supply company founded in the 1970s, has been a trusted source of gardening tools, plants, and advice. Their “100 Orchids for the American Gardener” continues their tradition of offering top-tier gardening information, tailored specifically to the American climate and landscape.
Smith & Hawken’s approach emphasizes accessibility, making orchids approachable for everyday gardeners. Whether you’re looking for orchids that can thrive in a garden bed or ones perfect for an indoor display, their guide is a practical resource for anyone interested in orchid cultivation.
Types of Orchids for American Gardeners
One of the most exciting aspects of orchids is the sheer variety available to gardeners. While the orchid family is vast, Smith & Hawken has narrowed it down to 100 species and hybrids that are ideal for the American gardener. Here are some of the most popular categories of orchids covered in their guide:
1. Phalaenopsis (Moth Orchids)
Perhaps the most well-known orchid variety, Phalaenopsis orchids are often the first choice for beginners. Their large, flat blooms resemble moths in flight, hence the name “moth orchid.”
- Care Level: Easy
- Light Requirements: Moderate indirect light
- Watering Needs: Water once a week
- Ideal for: Indoor growing, windowsills
Phalaenopsis orchids are prized for their long-lasting flowers, which can bloom for up to three months at a time. They thrive indoors, making them perfect for homes and apartments.
2. Cattleya Orchids
Known as the “queen of orchids,” Cattleyas are renowned for their large, showy blooms and intoxicating fragrance. These orchids were once the flower of choice for corsages, and they remain popular among collectors and enthusiasts.
- Care Level: Moderate
- Light Requirements: Bright, indirect sunlight
- Watering Needs: Allow the soil to dry slightly between waterings
- Ideal for: Indoor or greenhouse growing
Cattleya orchids require more light than Phalaenopsis, but their dramatic blooms make the extra effort worth it.
3. Dendrobium Orchids
Dendrobium orchids are a diverse group, with species that thrive in a range of climates from tropical rainforests to dry, arid regions. They produce tall spikes of flowers that can last for weeks.
- Care Level: Moderate
- Light Requirements: Bright, indirect sunlight
- Watering Needs: Water once a week
- Ideal for: Indoor or outdoor growing (depending on species)
Dendrobiums are versatile and can be grown in many parts of the United States. Their striking vertical growth makes them a great addition to any orchid collection.
4. Oncidium Orchids (Dancing Lady Orchids)
Oncidium orchids, commonly known as “dancing lady orchids,” are a favorite for their unique flower shape and prolific blooming habit. Their sprays of small, bright flowers resemble dancing figures, hence their charming nickname.
- Care Level: Moderate
- Light Requirements: Bright, indirect light
- Watering Needs: Water more frequently during growth periods
- Ideal for: Indoor growing, especially in well-lit rooms
Oncidiums can produce hundreds of flowers on a single spike, making them one of the most rewarding orchids to grow.
5. Paphiopedilum (Lady’s Slipper Orchids)
Paphiopedilum, or “lady’s slipper orchids,” are distinguished by their slipper-shaped pouches. These orchids are often terrestrial, meaning they grow in soil rather than on trees, as many other orchids do.
- Care Level: Moderate
- Light Requirements: Low to moderate light
- Watering Needs: Keep the soil consistently moist
- Ideal for: Indoor growing, especially in cooler climates
Lady’s slipper orchids are prized for their unique appearance and relatively easy care.
6. Vanda Orchids
Vanda orchids are famous for their stunning, large flowers that come in a variety of vivid colors, including blue—a rare color in the orchid world.
- Care Level: Challenging
- Light Requirements: Bright, direct light
- Watering Needs: Requires frequent watering and high humidity
- Ideal for: Greenhouse or outdoor growing in tropical climates
Vanda orchids are among the most challenging to grow but are highly sought after for their breathtaking beauty.
7. Cymbidium Orchids
Cymbidium orchids, often referred to as “boat orchids,” are one of the hardiest orchid types, making them a good choice for beginners.
- Care Level: Easy to moderate
- Light Requirements: Bright, indirect light
- Watering Needs: Keep soil moist during the growing season
- Ideal for: Outdoor growing in cooler climates or indoor growing with ample light
Cymbidiums produce long spikes of waxy flowers, making them a favorite for floral arrangements.
Orchid Care Basics
While orchids have a reputation for being difficult to grow, many species are quite adaptable and can thrive with proper care. Here’s a breakdown of the key factors involved in successful orchid cultivation:
1. Light
One of the most important factors in orchid care is light. Different species require varying levels of light, but as a general rule, orchids prefer bright, indirect sunlight. Too much direct sunlight can cause leaf burn, while too little light will prevent blooming.
For indoor growers, placing orchids near an east or south-facing window is ideal. If you’re growing orchids outdoors, be sure to provide filtered light, especially during the hottest part of the day.
2. Watering
Orchids need a delicate balance of moisture. Overwatering is one of the most common mistakes, leading to root rot and plant decline. Most orchids prefer to dry out slightly between waterings, though this varies by species.
For example:
- Phalaenopsis orchids should be watered once a week.
- Cattleya orchids can handle drying out between waterings.
- Paphiopedilum orchids prefer to stay consistently moist.
Always use room temperature water, and avoid letting water sit in the crown of the plant, as this can lead to rot.
3. Humidity
Many orchids, particularly those native to tropical climates, thrive in high humidity. Ideally, orchid growers should aim for a humidity level of 50-70%. Indoor growers can increase humidity by placing plants on a tray of wet pebbles or using a humidifier.
Greenhouse growing is often the best option for orchids that require consistently high humidity, such as Vandas and many species of Dendrobium.
4. Temperature
Orchids are sensitive to temperature changes, and it’s important to provide the right conditions for each species. Most orchids prefer a daytime temperature of 65-80°F and a nighttime temperature of 55-65°F.
Some species, such as Cymbidium and Paphiopedilum, tolerate cooler temperatures and can be grown outdoors in milder climates.
5. Potting and Repotting
Orchids typically grow best in specialized orchid mixes that provide excellent drainage. These mixes often include materials like bark, perlite, and sphagnum moss. Unlike most plants, orchids don’t grow in soil, as their roots need air circulation to stay healthy.
It’s important to repot orchids every one to two years, as the potting mix breaks down over time and can retain too much moisture, leading to root rot.
6. Fertilizing
Orchids are relatively light feeders, but they do benefit from regular fertilization during their growing season (spring and summer). Use a balanced, water-soluble fertilizer diluted to half strength every two weeks.
A popular saying among orchid growers is “weakly, weekly” when it comes to fertilizing, meaning that orchids should be fed with a weak solution on a regular basis rather than heavy, infrequent feedings.
Common Orchid Problems and How to Fix Them
Even the most experienced orchid growers encounter problems from time to time. Here are some of the most common issues and how to address them:
1. Yellowing Leaves
Yellowing leaves can be a sign of several issues, including overwatering, insufficient light, or natural leaf aging. If only the bottom leaves are turning yellow, it’s likely a normal part of the plant’s growth cycle. However, if the yellowing is widespread, it’s time to reassess your watering and light practices.
2. Root Rot
Root rot is one of the most common problems with orchids, particularly those that are overwatered. Healthy orchid roots are white and firm, while rotting roots will appear brown and mushy. If you suspect root rot, remove the plant from its pot, trim away the affected roots, and repot in fresh orchid mix.
3. Failure to Bloom
If your orchid is not blooming, it may not be receiving enough light. Ensure that your orchid is in a bright spot but not in direct sunlight. Additionally, orchids need a period of cooler nighttime temperatures to encourage blooming, so be sure to give your plant a slight temperature drop at night.
Growing Orchids Outdoors
While many people grow orchids indoors, certain species can thrive outdoors in parts of the United States, particularly in warmer climates. Orchids like Cymbidium, Dendrobium, and some species of Phalaenopsis can be grown outdoors in areas with mild winters and warm, humid summers.
When growing orchids outdoors, it’s important to provide protection from extreme weather conditions. Orchids should be sheltered from direct sunlight during the hottest part of the day and protected from heavy rains or strong winds.
Best Outdoor Orchids for American Climates
- Cymbidium – These hardy orchids can tolerate cooler temperatures and are well-suited for outdoor growing in areas like California and the Pacific Northwest.
- Dendrobium – Many Dendrobium species can be grown outdoors in subtropical climates like Florida.
- Cattleya – With proper care, Cattleya orchids can be grown outdoors in warm, humid climates.
Rare and Exotic Orchids for the Enthusiast
For the avid orchid collector, Smith & Hawken’s guide also includes some of the rarest and most exotic orchids available. These species often require specialized care and are best suited to experienced growers.
1. Dracula Orchids
Dracula orchids are a genus of over 100 species native to the cloud forests of Central and South America. Their unusual name comes from their bat-like appearance, with flowers that resemble small, fanged creatures.
- Care Level: Challenging
- Light Requirements: Low, indirect light
- Watering Needs: High humidity and consistent moisture
- Ideal for: Greenhouse growing
2. Bulbophyllum Orchids
Bulbophyllum is one of the largest genera of orchids, with over 2,000 species. These orchids are known for their unusual, sometimes bizarre, flower shapes and pungent odors, which attract pollinators like flies.
- Care Level: Moderate to challenging
- Light Requirements: Bright, indirect light
- Watering Needs: Keep the potting medium moist but not soggy
- Ideal for: Greenhouse growing or indoor cultivation
3. Ghost Orchid (Dendrophylax lindenii)
The Ghost Orchid is one of the most famous and elusive orchids in the world, native to the swamps of Florida and Cuba. It is leafless and appears to “float” in the air, hence its ghostly name.
- Care Level: Extremely challenging
- Light Requirements: Low, filtered light
- Watering Needs: High humidity and daily misting
- Ideal for: Greenhouse or terrarium growing
Final Thoughts: Making Orchids a Part of Your Garden
Orchids are a testament to the incredible diversity and beauty of the plant kingdom. Whether you’re a beginner looking to add a few Phalaenopsis orchids to your windowsill or an experienced grower interested in cultivating rare species like the Ghost Orchid, Smith & Hawken’s “100 Orchids for the American Gardener” is an invaluable resource.
With patience and attention to their unique needs, orchids can reward you with years of stunning blooms. The key to success is understanding the specific requirements of each orchid species and providing the right balance of light, water, and care.
As you embark on your orchid-growing journey, remember that each plant is a learning experience. Start with species that suit your environment, and as you gain confidence, you can explore more exotic and challenging varieties. Orchids offer endless possibilities for creativity and expression in the garden, making them one of the most rewarding plants for any gardener.